Modelling of Milk Emulsion Drying in Spray Dryers

Question: What is the Modeling of Milk Emulsion Drying in Spray Dryers? Answer: Presentation In this report we will examine about the idea of demonstrating of milk emulsion drying in splash dryers. The milk emulsion drying is a mechanical procedure which is utilized for creating powdered milk. This procedure is performed with the assistance of shower dryers. The shower drying process is a technique to deliver a dry powder from a fluid or slurry by utilizing a hot gas. It is most favored technique for drying. Thusly, if there should be an occurrence of milk emulsion drying procedure to create milk powder splash drying process is actualized in ventures with the assistance of shower dryers. The motivation behind creation this report is to examine foundation, points, goals, writing audit and techniques of displaying of milk emulsion drying in shower dryers. Following is the figure of powdered milk creation (Threlfall-Holmes, 2009). Figure: Flow Chart of Powered Milk Production As in above figure we can see utilization of shower dryers underway of milk fueled and it is a finished stream outline of milk emulsion drying in splash dryers. Conversation The conveyance of crude milk from ranches comprises of its examination and the base of this review is legitimate guideline of substance, bacteriological arrangement and sensorial. When endorsement is got from this initial step then explanation of milk emulsion is done through separators, heat exchangers are utilized for heat reason and afterward stockpiling is done in tanks at 4C. In last advance, the proportion of milk fat is changed in accordance with all out solids and last item is created according to necessities. Presently, in next fragments of report we will underscore on previously mentioned ideas in detail, for example, foundation, points, writing survey and so on. It is important to completely comprehend by and large procedure of milk emulsion drying. Foundation The splash drying hardware and methods were created over a time of quite a few years from 1870s. The method of splash drying for displaying milk emulsion for drying was come during World War II. The explanation behind utilizing this strategy was abrupt need to decrease the heaviness of transport of food and different materials. While dissecting about milk emulsion for drying in shower dryers, we became more acquainted with about some underlying suppositions in regards to this procedure and these presumptions have been following for long time (Birchal, Passos, 2005). Those suspicions are recorded as beneath: As indicated by first suspicion of milk emulsion drying in splash dryers is that top of the dryer chamber are utilized to infuse hot gas and milk suspension in it at consistent rate. Another suspicion about procedure of milk emulsion is that the gas stage that is framed of air and fume carries on as an ideal blend and furthermore streams inside the dryers. The suspension under this procedure of milk emulsion for drying is homogeneous, uniform drops and atomized shaping round and inside the chamber these are all around blended without cooperating with each other. Next presumption in regards to drain emulsion is that the progression of warmth is from sight-seeing to drops or particles. The angles of temperature inside the particles are unimportant. The drying rate at singular premise is portrayed by water dissipation and move from a solitary molecule to the gas stage (Focus on Powder Coatings, 2003). These above talked about presumptions are viewed as imperative to effectively deal with this procedure of milk emulsion for drying in shower dryers. These suspicions are not new for enterprises those arrangement in milk emulsion for drying. Before start conversation about points of milk emulsion drying, we might want to talk about splash drying process that is utilized for milk emulsion. Hence, in next portion we will underscore on this basic idea. Splash Drying Process for Milk Emulsion There are five significant strides of splash drying that are required to follow for milk emulsion and those means are recorded as beneath: Focus Atomization Bead Air Contact Bead Drying Division Focus: Under this progression, preceding presentation feedstock is exceptionally moved into splash dryer. Atomization: This is another fundamental advance of shower drying process and at this phase of atomization the ideal condition for vanishing to a dried item that have wanted qualities, is made. (Birchal, Huang, Mujumdar, Passos, 2006). Bead Air Contact: Under this progression, atomized fluid is brought into contact of hot gas and it brings about the vanishing over 95% of water that is contained in the drops. Bead Drying: Under this progression, dampness vanishing is done in two phases. During first stage, an adequate measure of dampness is found in drop to supplant the fluid dissipated at the surface and vanishing happens at steady rate. When there is no longer dampness to keep up immersed conditions at surface of bead at that point second stage begins. Absence of dampness makes a dried shell structure at the surface. For this situation, vanishing relies upon the spread of dampness through the shell and it is expanding in thickness. Partition: For conclusive division stage, violent winds, pack channels and electrostatic precipitators are utilized. For purging and to cool the air wet scrubbers are utilized (Nath, Satpathy, 1998). Consequently, by executing above talked about advance, shower drying process is actualized effectively for milk emulsion (Bandhari, 1994). Points or targets The procedure of milk emulsion for drying isn't a simple procedure to perform and the point of this procedure is to furnish a perfect item with better quality norms, for example, size of molecule, dispersion, mass thickness, remaining dampness substance and morphology. The powdered milk has different application regions where it is utilized for making food and other confectionary items. To accomplish this point, splash dryers give proper assistance (Marinos-Kouris, Maroulis, Kiranoudis, 1998). Writing Review As we have examined above fundamental data about demonstrating of milk emulsion drying and from this we became acquainted with that how essential advances are actualized in this procedure to deliver powdered milk. There are different research examines accessible on this subject give bunches of fundamental data about milk emulsion. In writing audit, significant conversation points are identified with milk emulsion incorporates shower drying innovation, its portrayal, demonstrating and reenactment and so on. The conversation about these themes will assist with understanding procedure of milk emulsion and employments of shower dryers. It is a significant section of this report (Martins, Siqueira, Freitas, 2012). The most significant point that is examined in the greater part of writing survey is model improvement that is utilized in procedure of milk emulsion drying for shower dryers. The fundamental things that are associated with advancement of this model are a lot of constitutive mat hematical conditions and these conditions portray mass and move of warmth among gas and a solitary molecule, drying energy of a solitary molecule that is encircled by gas and the capacity of molecule living arrangement time conveyance insider the chamber (Danviriyakul, McClements, Decker, Nawar, Chinachoti, 2002). Other than model turn of events, the writings likewise have audits for shower drying innovation. As per Gharsallaoui, Spray drying process have a few favorable circumstances that it very well may be structured by any limit required. The activity of splash drying innovation is ceaseless and can adjust full programmed control (Gharsallaoui, Roudaut, Chambin, Voilley, Saurel, 2007). Both warmth safe and warmth touchy items can be utilized for shower drying innovation. There are additionally a few restrictions that are found by scientists in the event of shower drying innovation. As indicated by Katta Gauvin, the concerned impediments are restricted adaptability in creating structures with complex morphologies and snappy medication discharge rates that show a burst impact. While investigating about splash drying innovation for milk emulsion, we have discovered basic boundaries of shower drying. In this report, it is fundamental to examine about those basic boundaries that makes shower dr ying process significant (Gauvin, Katta, 1976). Gulf Temperature of Air This basic boundary of splash drying innovation, scientist Michael characterizes that as much as higher the temperature of bay air, the dampness vanishing will be quicker. However, for this situation, powder is presented to higher temperature and this will adjust the both compound and physical properties of items that are heat delicate (Michael, 1993). Outlet Temperature of Air About this basic boundary, Maury characterizes that estimating of powder recuperation types of gear are represented by outlet temperature of air. As much as temperature of outlet will higher, bigger the size of powder recuperation hardware. The last dampness substance of powder is constrained by outlet air (Maury, Murphy, Kumar, Shi, Lee, 2005). Consistency The high consistency postpones right drop development. As much as speed will lower, lesser the vitality. Additionally, pressure is required to frame an example for shower. Strong Content As indicated by this basic factor of shower drying, care is required in this procedure with high strong loadings and it is important to keep up legitimate atomization that can guarantee right bead arrangement. Surface Tension The expansion of a modest quantity of surfactant can possibly bring down the surface pressure. This give bring about a wide splash design, higher drop speed and littler bead size. Like above talked about components, Feed Temperature, Volatility of Solvent and Nozzle Material are likewise considered as basic component of splash drying process. Thusly, by utilizing these basic components splash drying process performs milk emulsion drying. The procedure of milk emulsion has now improved. Different new advances and strategies have acquainted with upgrade procedure of milk emulsion drying in splash drying and these imaginative methods incorporate shower drying for stable injectable fluid arrangement, embodiment, granulation, bioavailability and inward breath

Hair. William Faulkner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hair. William Faulkner - Essay Example His separation from the occasions described permits him to be an empathetic and touchy pundit, whose sees we believe we can trust, despite the fact that Faulkner deceives us toward the end. He appears to comprehend Hawkshaw's connection to the young lady, and even treats her untimely sexual experiences with compassion instead of disturb: nature don't give any consideration to frameworks, not to mention ladies giving any consideration to them I state she was unable to support herself. It wasn't her issue (133-4). The story is in three sections, the second clarifying the first by withdrawing in time, and the third realizing the dnouement. Hawkshaw is introduced as a disconnected figure in a network, which the pundit Joseph Reed distinguishes just like a key theme in Faulkner stories. Faulkner without a gathering is without a perspective basic for his best story (Reed, 20). The gathering differs from story to story; it tends to be a family, or a specific social gathering, or, as in Hair, an entire town. Hawkshaw is discreetly kind to the young lady, and is so self-destroying that when he demands that I'll keep an eye on her, Maxey tells the storyteller that was the first occasion when he at any point heard him talk positive about anything (132). The young ladies' development is caught with fine economy. She strolls quick like young ladies do, at that point makes companions at school and passes not looking toward the window by any stretch of the imagination (132), with the goal that Hawkshaw's d edication to her is as of now under danger. Before long she got developed quick (133) and she is hitching up the customary straightforward gingham and such dresses that a thirteen-year-old youngster should wear (134). Hawkshaw has given her presents, including the doll which he never outlined for anybody around (133), however it is by all accounts clear to everybody that his enthusiasm for her isn't unfortunate. It is valued that there is a real love in his mentality, which is regarded by the others. At the point when the men discuss how she has gone to the awful, it was while Hawkshaw was not there (134), and when Maxey voices his unrefined doubts - Any elderly person that will mess with a little youngster, he's really awful - Matt's remark is a censure: the explanation is an ethical one, he thinks she is too youthful to even consider receiving gems from anyone that aint family to her (136). Part II fills from before, and lets us a little route into his actual reasoning, demonstrating that his enthusiasm for the young lady must be not kidding, ardent and profoundly human. He had hitched the Starnes little girl, demonstrating a genuine dedication to her and her government assistance, picking up barbering and heading out to work in Birmingham, Rode mostly in wagons and strolled the rest, returning each late spring to see the young lady (138). He burned through the entirety of his reserve funds on her dad's memorial service, and afterward began sparing again for the marriage. He carried on of develop commitment. The storyteller can't pass on Hawkshaw's anguish when she bites the dust. We just have the massively contacting subtlety of the image and the lock of hair, which both got lost, the hair and the image, via the post office some way or another (139). He dedicates himself then to serving her memory in the main way he can, by taking care of the home loan on the guardians ' home and restoring each April, as on a journey, to clean it The April get-away is absolutely fundamental to him, similar to a strict recognition. At past managers' he had surrendered his activity

The History and Purpose of Duty to Warn in Therapy

The History and Purpose of Duty to Warn in Therapy Basics Print The History and Purpose of Duty to Warn in Therapy By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on November 27, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on November 27, 2019 BSIP / UIG / Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Duty to warn refers to the responsibility of a counselor or therapist to inform third parties or authorities if a client poses a threat to himself or herself or another identifiable individual.?? It is one of just a few instances where a therapist can breach client confidentiality. Normally, ethical guidelines require that therapists keep information revealed during therapy strictly private. What Is Duty to Warn? The American Psychological Associations Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct specify how and when confidential information can be disclosed. These ethical guidelines suggest that private information can only be disclosed with the permission of the individual or as permitted by the law.?? Legal instances where such information can be revealed include when it is necessary to provide professional services, when obtaining consultations from other professionals, to obtain payment for services, and to protect the client and other parties from potential harm. The specifics of a legal duty to warn vary by state. In most cases:A therapist is required to breach confidentiality if clients pose an imminent threat to either themselves, the therapist, or a third party.The necessary information must be divulged to someone who is capable of taking action to reduce the threat.In most cases, the person who is in danger and law enforcement would be notified. Cases That Established Legal Duty to Warn Two landmark legal cases established therapists legal obligations to breach confidentiality if they believe a client poses a risk to himself or others. Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1976) Legal duty to warn was first established in the case of Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1976) where a therapist failed to inform a young woman and her parents of specific death threats made by a client.?? Tatiana Tarasoff and Prosenjit Poddar met in 1968 as students at the University of California, Berkeley. Poddar came to believe that the two were in a serious relationship, a view that was not shared by Tarasoff. When she expressed that she was not interested in a romantic relationship, Poddar began to stalk her and experienced a serious emotional breakdown. In 1969, Poddar became a patient of a psychologist named Dr. Lawrence Moore at UC Berkeleys Cowell Memorial Hospital. After expressing his intentions to kill Tarasoff to his therapist, Moore alerted campus police and gave his opinion that Poddar required hospitalization and that he posed a danger to himself and others. Poddar was detained briefly but appeared rational and stable, leading police to release him with a promise that he would stay away from Tarasoff. Soon afterward, the director of the psychiatry department at Cowell Memorial Hospital ordered the written letter and therapy notes destroyed. Neither the police nor Poddars therapists warned Tatiana Tarasoff or her family of the threats. Poddar continued to stalk the young woman and on October 27, 1969, he murdered her. Poddar went to the Tarasoff home armed with a kitchen knife and a pellet gun. After a confrontation, Tarasoff screamed for help, at which point Poddar shot her with the pellet gun. She fled into the yard, but Poddar caught her and proceeded to stab her to death with the kitchen knife. He then entered the Tarasoff home and alerted the police. After his arrest, Poddar was ?diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, the same diagnosis Moore had initially made. Her parents filed a lawsuit against the therapists and the University of California, Berkeley. They contended that their daughter should have been warned of the danger, while the defendants held that their responsibility was to maintain the confidentiality of their client. The lower courts agreed with the defendants and the case was initially dismissed. The Tarasoff’s appealed the case to the California Supreme Court. While the case was eventually settled out of court for a significant sum, the higher courts 1976 ruling specified that confidentiality was secondary to the publics safety. Jablonski by Pahls v. United States (1983) The case of Jablonski by Pahls v. the United States further extended the responsibilities of duty to warn by including the review of previous records that might include a history of violent behavior.?? The ruling originated from a case in which a doctor conducted a risk assessment of a client, Mr. Jablonski, but did not review Jablonskis history of violence. As a result, the clients girlfriend, Ms. Kimball, was not warned about Jablonskis history of violent behavior. When  Jablonski was released, he then killed Kimball. Duty to warn gives counselors and therapists the right and obligation to breach confidentiality if they believe a client poses a risk to another person. It also protects clinicians from prosecution for breach of confidentiality if they have reasonable suspicion that the client might be a danger to himself or others. Duty to Warn Examples It is important to note that duty to warn only obligates therapists to inform individuals and authorities of any specific threats. They should not discuss the details of their patients care or treatment. Any information that is not relevant to the immediate threat should remain confidential. There continues to be a debate about what exactly constitutes a credible threat. Direct, specific plots to harm to kill another individual would clearly trigger a duty to warn, but in other cases, a therapist must use their best judgment to determine if a less-clear threat presents a serious danger. A few examples of times when a therapist would need to consider their ethical and legal obligations include: A client states that they want to kill a colleague, but do not name a specific individualA patient says that they fantasize about killing a specific person, but then state that they would never actually do itA client as the means to commit harm, such as owning firearms, and expresses extreme anger toward a specific individual but never makes a specific threat An assessment of a potential threat is often considered in the same way that a therapist would assess suicide risk. The therapist might consider the seriousness and specificity of the threat itself, the clients past history of violent or aggressive behavior, and recent symptom progression. Opposing Views While it has been decades since the legal duty to warn was first established, it remains a topic of debate. In 2013, the then-president of the APA Donald N. Bersoff suggested that the Tarasoff ruling was a poor decision. Client confidentiality, he proposed, was paramount and breaching it undercuts the trust that clients place in their mental health providers. Breaking this confidentiality should only happen as a last resort, Bersoff believes.?? Some suggest that had Moore not reported the threats, Poddar may have remained in treatment. Had he continued to receive treatment, perhaps he might have recovered from his obsession and  Tarasoff might not have been killed. However, there is simply no way to know if the situation may have played out in this way. A Word From Verywell Psychologists often face ethical dilemmas and are required to use their best judgment to determine the right course of action. Duty to warn presents a challenge in many instances, but it is one that therapists are legally obligated to surmount. What Ethical Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow?

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Sustainability and Issues in Indonesia Essay - 632 Words

I am determined to help building a better Indonesia by making it more sustainable. Sustainability is vital because natural resources have been the main source of conflict in Indonesia. Indonesia has 132.9 million hectare of forest out of 192.2 million hectare land, which means almost nearly 70 percent of Indonesian people dealt in natural resources management issues. According to Robecosams Countries Sustainable Ranking in 2013, Indonesia was ranked 56 (out of 59 countries, with the first country being the most sustainable). Indonesia scored very low in environmental aspect, which has come to no surprise viewing Indonesias deforestation rate at 1.08 million hectare/year. This is the repercussion of Indonesia natural resources wealth†¦show more content†¦WARSI has helped established 13 Village Forest establishment in Jambi and West Sumatera Province as a scheme from community-based forest management model. Although we have succeeded in assisting 13 villages to secure their fo rest, yet there still numerous villages and many customary people of whose forest still in verge of uncertainty. As much as we tried to work on the Village Forest scheme, in the end we have to wait for the Ministry of Forestry to formulate it that could take up until two years, even more. Influencing the government policy by is utmost challenging because there are things that cannot be reached without legal authority. Often we could only push as much but the policy remains the same because we lack of power. Thus, my professional goal is to be able to sit in governmental position to be able to affect the decision-making process so that the government could be more effective in conducting environmental and development policy. My plan in working in this NGO is to be able know the structure and problem of Indonesian government from the outside. After a year working in the NGO, I wish to pursue my master education in the sector sustainability and development. Courses with cutting-edge le arning toolkits, as well as hands-on experience will equip me with the knowledge and skills necessary to be more competitive and competent. Learning about the emerging concept ofShow MoreRelatedIndonesi A Country Of Indonesia1545 Words   |  7 PagesLocated between the Indian and Pacific oceans in the Southeast Asia, Indonesia ranked number four (as in 2014), as the most populous country in the world with 252,812,245 milion people (worldometers, n.d.). 13,194,000 million people alone are living in the capital city of Indonesia, Jakarta (national geographic, n.d). It is a country consists of 17,000 islands; around 6000 islands are inhabited and Indonesia is linked to the equator (Infoplease, n.d). 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Pintura Ecuatoriana Free Essays

SALLY SWANSONG CASE Possibilities – Alternatives for both parts: Sally (1) and Lyric Opera Company(2) 1 2 Sally should not sing in this opera, she could do that in other opportunity| Lyric Opera Company should contract to other young opera singer to the principle role| She could teach to any another young opera singers. | It could contract an opera singer with experience or anyone whose it could not have to pay a lot of money| Looking for the principle role in other musical| Looking for another cheap principal singer with experience. Looking for a job in others places or public activities related to the art world in order to be recognized once again e. We will write a custom essay sample on Pintura Ecuatoriana or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. TV commercials. It could be accessible, because of her experience. | Contracting a very well-known opera singer, not only national, so international one. Announcing that by press conference to reduce extra marketing expenses. | Having the principal role as the opera singer, collecting not a high salary because of the uncertain result of the audience. Offering the main role to a secondary opera singer, emphasizing that it would be a great opportunity to her career. | 1. Two possible alternatives: Sally: (-) Looking for another title role in another place by another company, using their experience and she would be able to relaunch her career in this way. (+) Getting the contract with this company. As a result, having successful and getting recognition. Lyric Opera Company: (-) Hire another opera singer in the title role as cheaply as possible (it is mportant to emphasize that she would have only three weeks to the opening) (+) To win time, it can contract to Sally with a little mar gin of negative answer of the audience because of her experience, possible conventions and good benefits in terms of money (because it is not a good show, it could pay the minimum to Sally) 2. Lyric Opera Company, Sally and us – Interest LYRIC OPERA COMPANY: * $ (All related to money) Winning more than they expected a percentage of 85%. Saving as much as possible ($). Hiring a principal opera singer at the lowest price possible for avoiding budget problems * They want to designate the primary role of the play at the shortest possible time because the premiere would be in three weeks. * Maintain its prestige * In monetary terms, To be successful is necessary to sell over 85% of the locations * No problems during the premiere with the principal opera singer SALLY: * To be recognized, resurging as the phoenix bird. It could be possible if she had only the principle role, * Relaunching her career. Achieving contract with Lyric Opera company to access better paying to future roles * To succeed, it is necessary that the play could have the necessary promotions and marketing suitable for proper ticket sales (over 80%) * Having the TV Contract to $ 45000 WE: * Having recognition for Sally case, being this our first job. * Achieving a commission in line with sales and the success of the play * Give all the benefices to Sally in this case, to satisfy her necessities and be recommended later, so it is important to achieve the contract with the TV to $ 45,000 or projecting her career in the future * If we manage a ood bargain in the case of Sally, we could achieve reputation 3. WIN TO WIN options What happen if Sally performs the Opera? Result: Both WIN WIN TO WIN| Sally| If Sally does the title role of the opera, she will get the revival and recognition. And she will have more than commissions, which was looking for futures contracts and other activities, immersed in the art world. Lyric Opera Company| Hiring Sally who has experience, thus reducing the time of pre paration for the premiere of the soon play; it is more predictable for the company, so it could solve the main problem of â€Å"looking for the principal opera singer†| Us (legal representatives)| Being our first case, the success of Sally, will benefice us in terms of recognition. | Additionally: * As marketing program, it could be a good option to make agreements with institutions such as the educational, cultural in order to increase ticket sales for the play and it would be possible to achieve the 80% provided by the company to be considered a success. As Sally does not charge commission for this agreement, Lyric Opera Cia could be benefited from the sale of tickets, without having invested heavily in promotions. * In terms of money, Opera Company can hire Sally with a fixed value that is 15% or 20% less than market price. So, Sally could have her contract, and Opera Company hires someone before the premiere of the play at a lower cost * If it gets 85% predicted, it will be given to the respective payment to Sally and commissions. If it is not possible â€Å"sales expectations†, it could represent less payment or the minimum to Sally. But the company must comply with the relevant marketing, then If Sally gets the lead role, and she could relaunch her career for futures contracts, she may make donations to Lyric Opera Cia. * Because of her experience, and the success he had in the past, there are people who continue following her so the Company can use his name for marketing campaigns. What happen if other Soprano performs the Opera? Result: WIN TO WIN| Sally| . | Lyric Opera Company| | Us (legal representatives)| | How to cite Pintura Ecuatoriana, Essay examples

Language and Memory Psychology Research Paper Essay Example

Language and Memory Psychology Research Paper Essay Semantic memory refers to our knowledge of words, their meanings, and their relationships to each other and to the physical world. It may be thought of as a dictionary, encyclopedia, and thesaurus, all rolled into one (Tulving, 1972). A model of semantic memory refers to a description of how the semantic features of a word are represented, how these representations can be combined into larger units of meaning (such as phrases and sentences), what deductions can be made about a word based on the context in which it appears, and how word meaning is related to the perceptual systems that provide access to the world (McNamara Holbrook, 2003). In an object-based view of semantics, words are considered to be associated if the objects they refer to have shared properties. Closeness is a measure of the similarity between objects. The property investigated may be common features or inclusion in a common category. Category membership can be treated as a strongly weighted feature, making these two ways of classifying words essentially identical. As a quick example, consider the words cat and dog. Both have teeth, claws, fur and a tail. Additionally, both can be included in the category pets. In an object-based view of semantics, the word cat would be closely semantically related to dog. We will write a custom essay sample on Language and Memory Psychology Research Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Language and Memory Psychology Research Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Language and Memory Psychology Research Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As Stone et al (2004) points out, the cognitive science and sociocultural perspectives differ considerably in their focus to the study of language. However, despite the fact that the difference in orientation is due to the fact that the cognitive scientists have a long tradition of interest in grammar, while sociocultural group has been primarily interested in meaning and pragmatics (Stone et al, 2004, p.11), both groups share the same understanding of language productions stages, namely message, encoding of it into linguistic form, encoding of linguistic form into speech, decoding of speech into linguistic form, and decoding of linguistic form into a meaning. Accessing language appropriately depends on the organization of the knowledge base that stores words and their meanings. Meanings or concepts are stored in a semantic network, and words are stored in a lexical network. According to Collins and Loftus (1975), concepts are stored as nodes that are organized by semantic similarity or relatedness. The greater the similarity between two concepts, the closer the concepts are stored within the network. For example, the concept of sparrow may be stored close to eagle, but hawk may be stored closer to eagle because these birds have more in common. Each node in the lexical network is linked to its corresponding concept node. When a concept is activated by a word that is heard or read, this activation spreads from this concept to the most closely related nodes. As this activation spreads outward, its strength decays over time. This spreading activation process is considered to be automatic. Automatic activation occurs subconsciously or without an individual’s intent, and it is fast acting and does not consume processing resources in working memory. After a short-lived â€Å"automatic† period of activation, word processing may continue in a strat egic manner known as controlled processing. Controlled processing operates under the influence of conscious awareness, is slow acting, and consumes resources in working memory. One procedure that allows researchers to distinguish automatic from controlled processing is a primed lexical decision task, in which participants decide whether a given letter string is a real word. In this task, words are presented in pairs, with the first word known as a prime and the second word as a target. Participants do not respond to the prime, but do make an overt response to the target. For example, if the prime-target pair is nurse-doctor, the prime nurse is presented for a set duration and requires no response. Next the target doctor is presented and the participant makes a recordable â€Å"YES or NO† response indicating whether the target is a real word. Now, let us consider how the primed lexical decision task allows us to study processing within the semantic network. When nurse is activated in the lexical-semantic network, there is a corresponding activation of related nodes (e.g., doctor, hospital, patient, etc.). This early activation of related words, such as doctor, elicits a relatively fast lexical response. On the other hand, unrelated words, such as nurse-bread, are stored farther away from each other. Activation of nurse spreads to the activation of healthcare related nodes and, thus, is not likely to activate bread. Without prior activation, bread elicits a relatively slow lexical response. The previous discussion of activation in semantic memory introduced the levels of automatic and controlled processing. These levels can be studied somewhat separately by manipulating aspects of the primed lexical decision task. First, let us examine how the manipulation is accomplished when the focus is on controlled processing. Controlled (strategic) processing operates under the influence of conscious awareness, is slow acting and is a mechanism of limited-capacity. In priming tasks, controlled processing may be evident before or after the target has been presented. After a target is presented, postlexical controlled processing consists of mental operations influenced by the relationship between a prime and target. One postlexical strategy is semantic matching in which participants check the semantic relationship between a prime and a target. Viewing the prime salt followed by the target pepper activates a quicker â€Å"YES† response because these words â€Å"match† semantically. The semantic matching strategy operates in reverse with an unrelated prime. A non-match (e.g., salt-robin) produces a bias for participants to respond â€Å"NO†, which is incorrect for the task of lexical decision. Because neurologically intact participants still make mostly accurate responses, it is possible that they suppress the urge to respond â€Å"NO.† This strategic inhibition requires effort in working memory and, therefore, is likely to add time to a lexical decision (Brown, Hagoort, Chwilla, 2000). Automatic processing is considered to consist of the spreading activation process described earlier. Thus, spreading activation is fast acting, occurs subconsciously, and does not interfere with coexisting mental activity. Automatic spreading activation accounts for priming that occurs when the interval between the prime and target is so brief that it is nearly imperceptable. The activation spreads out following a structure that corresponds to the relatedness among concepts; and, thus, the semantic relatedness of primes is facilitative of targets at these very brief intervals. On the other hand, spreading activation does not produce the inhibition that we might expect when a prime is not semantically related to the target. Inhibition is the result of a strategic or effortful mental activity. Therefore, more time between a prime and target is required for inhibition to develop. An unrelated prime, like a neutral prime, acts merely as an uninformative or misleading variable. References

Colon Paper essays

Colon Paper essays Colon cancer is a condition that affects thousands of people. About 140,000 new cases are diagnosed each year and it kills more than 56,000 people each year. This type of cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. The problem that surrounds this deadly disease is that half of this deaths could be prevented by screening, unfortunately the majority of people older than 50 do not undergo for colorectal cancer screening even though is recommended for all persons50 and over and for those with family history. Also many primary care physician do not screen for all the patients who meet the qualifications for colorectal screening. Screening can prevent colorectal cancer when detection and removal of precancerous polyps is done on time. Anther problem with colorectal cancer screening is the fact that many people feel uncomfortable having this part of the anatomy examined. The American Cancer Society recommends an annual digital rectal examination for people age 40, an a nnual fecal occult blood test for people age over 50 and flexible sigmoidoscopy every three to five years for people aged over 50. Cancer of the colon, a common form of cancer, is a disease in which cancer (malignant) cells are found in the tissues of the colon. The colon is part of the body's digestive system. The digestive system is made up of the esophagus, stomach, and the small and large intestines. The last 6 feet of intestine is called the large bowel or colon. After diagnosis and to fond out if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, the doctor needs to identify the stage of the cancer to start the appropriate treatment. Stage 0. The cancer is very early. It is found only in the innermost lining of the colon or rectum. Stage I. The cancer involves more of the inner wall of the colon or rectum. Stage II. The cancer has spread outside the colon or rectum to ne ...

Sentence Building with Adjective Clauses

Sentence Building with Adjective Clauses In our study of adjective clauses, weve learned the following: The adjective clausea word group that modifies a nounis a common form of subordination.An adjective clause usually begins with a relative pronoun.The two main types of adjective clauses are restrictive and nonrestrictive. Now were ready to practice building and combining sentences with adjective clauses. Consider how these two sentences can be combined: My mp3 player fell apart after a few weeks.My mp3 player cost over $200. By substituting the relative pronoun which for the subject of the second sentence, we can create a single sentence containing an adjective clause: My mp3 player, which cost over $200, fell apart after a few weeks. Or we may choose to substitute which for the subject of the first sentence: My mp3 player, which fell apart after a few weeks, cost over $200. Put what you think is the main idea in the main clause, the secondary (or subordinate) idea in the adjective clause. And keep in mind that an adjective clause usually appears after the noun it modifies. PRACTICE: Building Sentences with Adjective ClausesCombine the sentences in each set into a single, clear sentence with at least one adjective clause. Subordinate the information that you think is of secondary importance. When you are done, compare your new sentences with the sample combinations below. Keep in mind that many combinations are possible, and in some cases you may prefer your own sentences to the original versions. The first alarm clock woke the sleeper by gently rubbing his feet.The first alarm clock was invented by Leonardo da Vinci.Some children have not received flu shots.These children must visit the school doctor.Success encourages the repetition of old behavior.Success is not nearly as good a teacher as failure.I showed the arrowhead to Rachel.Rachels mother is an archaeologist.Merdine was born in a boxcar.Merdine was born somewhere in Arkansas.Merdine gets homesick every time she hears the cry of a train whistle.The space shuttle is a rocket.The rocket is manned.This rocket can be flown back to earth.This rocket can be reused.Henry Aaron played baseball.Henry Aaron played with the Braves.Henry Aaron played for 20 years.Henry Aaron was voted into the Hall of Fame.The vote was taken in 1982.Oxygen is colorless.Oxygen is tasteless.Oxygen is odorless.Oxygen is the chief life-supporting element of all plant life.Oxygen is the chief life-supporting element of all animal life.Bushido is the tr aditional code of honor of the samurai.Bushido is based on the principle of simplicity.Bushido is based on the principle of honesty.Bushido is based on the principle of courage.Bushido is based on the principle of justice. Merdine danced on the roof.It was the roof of her trailer.Merdine danced during the thunderstorm.The thunderstorm flooded the county.The thunderstorm was last night. When you have completed all ten sets, compare your new sentences with the sample combinations below. The first alarm clock, which woke the sleeper by gently rubbing his feet, was invented by Leonardo da Vinci.Children who have not received flu shots must visit the school doctor.Success, which encourages the repetition of old behavior, is not nearly as good a teacher as  failure.I showed the arrowhead to Rachel, whose mother is an archaeologist.Merdine, who was born in a boxcar somewhere in Arkansas, gets homesick every time she hears the cry of a train whistle.The space shuttle is a manned rocket that can be flown back to earth and reused.Henry Aaron, who played baseball with the Braves for 20 years, was voted into the Hall of Fame in 1982.Oxygenwhich is colorless, tasteless, and odorlessis the chief life-supporting element of all plant and animal life.Bushido, which is the traditional code of honor of the samurai, is based on the principles of simplicity, honesty, courage, and justice.Merdine  danced on the roof of her trailer during the thunderstorm that flooded the county las t night. See also:  Combining Sentences and Building Paragraphs With Adjective Clauses

BA Social work - Values and ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

BA Social work - Values and ethics - Essay Example The working conditions and cases handled are usually very different for each case of social work. Ethical dilemma arises when the right answer to any course of action is not obvious i.e. it can be in child services to differentiate between vulnerable and exploited child. There are also some situations where the individual need of a child is overlooked over the other issues. The same was the case of Victoria Climbie, where her needs were overlooked over the housing requirement of her aunt and murderer. There may be values which contradict with each other. This theory is based upon the consequences of any particular activity. In this the net benefit resulting from any act or policy is calculated. It is based on the happiness or unhappiness a person gets from the consequences of any particular policy which is rather a difficult task. It depends upon individuals’ ability to think of consequences. It leads to lots of uncertainty in the complex situations. This theory can be utilised in the simpler issues. It can be understood by the example of Victoria Climbie case inquiry. Anonymous call was made to inform Brent Social Services for the bad condition of the child. If Brent Services had responded in time and handled the case properly with the view of the worst consequences (which happened later) may be Victoria Climbie would have saved. This theory was developed as a criticism of consequentialist theory. Consequentialist theory emphasis more on the end means that are consequences. This theory states that means which are leading to those consequences are equally important. The means have got moral importance. 18th Century Immanuel Kant had explained the theory, placing the emphasis on the duties and rules. He explained with simple examples like ignoring rules like ‘do not lie’, ‘keep promises’ and others will have bad consequences. This theory can also be

ONTOLOGICAL PARADOX Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

ONTOLOGICAL PARADOX - Research Paper Example ne has the ability to choose from the multiple patterns of lives with the chance of being embedded in one of the possible past-future pairs (Santas 39). The possibility of breaking out of limitations of only being able to exist in the present has led to many depictions of possible situations where human beings are able to freely move through the past present and future. Obsession with changing the past has not been limited to popular culture but has also featured in academic field such as physics and philosophy. This essay argues against the notion presented by some physicists and philosophers that one can travel back into the past to change based on the inconsistencies of time travelling. In this kind of fantasies, many tend to perceive an instrument such as special machine that will facilitate the backward time travel, think of a special machine which will enable man disappear from one place and time and reappear at a past time in a different or same place. There is a philosophical line of thought based on the existence of what is called a closed timelike curves (CTCs) discovered by philosophers and physicists working on time travel. CTCs are â€Å"curves in space and time† which provide â€Å"possible paths of bodies† to move through various universes. The model containing CTCs was discovered by Kurt GGdel in the 1940s and was believed to be models of the Einstein field equations (Seaman and Ssler 141). Based on model, Godel makes a theoretical assumption that it is possible for one to travel and come back at the exact time and place by making a round trip on a rocket ship in a suitably wide curve. This means that the object will get back to its past to the exact moment when it commenced the journey. The argument presented by Godel is based on the belief by some philosophers and physicists that the past, present and future equally real. These views on past, present and future represent the ideas of externalists group of theorists who argue that there was no

Economic Issues of Human Smuggling in Sri Lanka

Economic Issues of Human Smuggling in Sri Lanka Human smuggling is one of fast growing illegal activity in the world. It is explain as many of peoples are moving from developing countries to developed countries using illegal method for the find better living conditions. This is more unsecured way for the find a betterment of life because while the they transport in unsafe and they have risk in be victim of human trafficking, or mental and physical abuse. Human trafficking involves sexual exploitation or labor exploitation of woman, child as well as adult. The English word slave derives through Old French and Medieval Latin from the medieval word for the Slavic people of Central and Eastern Europe in 14th century Definition:- Human smuggling are define as facilitation, transportation or attempted to transportation in illegally entre of persons in across the intentional border. It causes to violate the one or more countries law using fraudulent documents. it is mainly involve in financial or material gains for the smuggler. The human smuggling has two type. a) Human smuggling b) Human trafficking a) Human smuggling It is illegal migration though the international border and the migrant have freedom leave and change job in the new country. Human smuggle are co operating process and they are not necessary victim of the crime of smuggling. b) human trafficking They are element of force , fraud or coercion. They have no freedom and become victims. They have enslaved or limited movements. It can be happen in same community or after the human smuggling. Many times these are victims of physically or mentally. They become victim of sexual abuse of physical abused. It may happen in child, woman of adult. The victims are found in sweatshops, domestic work, restaurant work, agricultural labor, prostitution and sex entertainment. These two types are more interrelated. Many of human smuggling may be a human trafficking. The both system are common the elements of fraud, force, or coercion. Both are illegal and violated the one or two countries law. It may be costly for one or two countries. 2. Historical background Human smuggle has long history. In the ancient Mesopotamian and Mediterranean civilization, Egypt , Akkadian empire, Assyria, ancient Greece and Rome have a human salve systems. The rich families have two salves for a servants and land lord have more than hundred of salves. Salve are become by the punishment for crime, enslavement of prisoners of war, child abundance and birth child of slave. Salve population is 25 percent of the total populations of Rome. The salves are more importance factor of the Rome economy. Trafficking in persons (TIP) is another name of modern day form of slavery. It is the exploitation of people through force, coercion, threat, and deception. It also includes human rights abuses such as debt bondage, deprivation of liberty, and lack of control over freedom and labor. Slavery system peoples are treated as property , slaves losees their will form they captured,purchase or birth and deprived of right. Nuber of slaves are smallest proposition in the world aas 12 ro 27 million. Most of them are debt salves in south Asia. Slavery have long history and engage with human culture. In prehistoric graves in 8000BC found in lower Egypt used a Libyan people enslaved a san tribe. Slavery is began after the Neolithic revolution about 11,000 year ago. The bible says slavery is etalished institution. Ancient Slavery was known in almost every ancient civilization, such as Ancient Egypt, Ancient China, the Akkadian Empire, Assyria, Ancient India, Ancient Greece, the Roman Empire, the Islamic Caliphate, and the pre-Columbian civilizations of the Americas. These institutions were a composed of debt-slavery, punishment for crime, the enslavement of prisoners of war, child abandonment, and the birth of slave children to slaves. slavery in Ancient Greece started from Mycenaean Greece. Twenty percant of the population of Classical Athens were slaves. The men are become slaves by nature call as natural slavery ,it is accepted by the Aristotle. after the Roman Republic expanding outward, the enslaved become pominant these are consist of Europe and the Mediterranean. Greeks, Illyrians, Berbers, Germans, Britons, Thracians, Gauls, Jews, Arabs, and many more were slaves used not only for labour, but also for amusement. The late Republican era, slavery had become a vital economic pillar in the wealth of Rome and very significant part of Roman society. over 25% of the population of Ancient Rome was enslaved. During the emergence of the Roman Empire to its eventual decline, at least 100 million people were captured or sold as slaves throughout the Mediterranean and its hinterlands. Medieval The early medieval slave trade the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world were the destinations, the important sources are pagan Central and Eastern Europe, along with the Caucasus and Tartary. Viking, Arab, Greek and Jewish merchants were all involved in the slave trade. From the 11th to the 19th century, North African Barbary Pirates engaged in capture Christian slaves and sell at slave markets in places such as Algeria and Morocco.In 1086, nearly 10% of the English population were slaves. The Byzantine-Ottoman wars and the Ottoman wars in Europe brought large numbers of slaves into the Islamic world. The Ottoman devÃ…Å ¸irme-janissary system enslaved and forcibly converted to Islam an estimated 500,000 to one million non-Muslim adolescent males. Middle East The Islamic world is become a centre of acecient slave trade, it is centre of collection slave and distribution them to central asia and Europe. Zanzibar was once East Africas main slave-trading port, and under Omani Arabs in the 19th century as many as 50,000 slaves were passing through the city each year. between 11 and 18 million African slaves crossed the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Sahara Desert from 650 AD to 1900 AD. Europe Approximately 10-20% of the rural population of Carolingian Europe consisted of slaves. The trade of slaves in England was made illegal in 1102. Slavery in Poland was forbidden in the 15th century; in Lithuania, slavery was formally abolished in 1588; they were replaced by the second serfdom. According to Robert Davis between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as slaves in North Africa and Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries. There was also an extensive trade in Christian slaves in the Black Sea region for several centuries until the Crimean Khanate was destroyed by the Russian Empire in 1783 Africa In early Islamic states of the western Sudan, Ghana, Mali, Segou and Songhai about a third of the population were slaves. In, between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third of the Senegambia population was enslaved. In the 19th century about half of the Sierra Leone , Cameroon, Niger, Nigeria, the Kongo, and Angola population consisted of slaves. Between 65% to 90% population of Arab-Swahili Zanzibar was enslaved. Roughly half the population of Madagascar was enslaved. approximately 2 million to 2.5 million people there were slaves. The Anti-Slavery Society estimated there were 2 million slaves in Ethiopia in the early 1930s out of an estimated population of between 8 and 16 million. Asia in 1908, women slaves were still sold in the Ottoman Empire. A slave market for captured Russian and Persian slaves was centred in the Central Asian khanate of Khiva. there were an estimated 8 million or 9 million slaves in India in 1841. Slavery was abolished in both Hindu and Muslim India by the Indian Slavery Act V. of 1843. In Istanbul about one-fifth of the population consisted of slaves.[83] abolished slavery in China in 1906, and the law became effective in 1910. Slave rebellion in China at the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century was so extensive that owners eventually converted the institution into a female-dominated one.The Nangzan in Tibetan history were, according to Chinese sources, hereditary household slaves. Indigenous slaves existed in Korea. During the Joseon Dynasty about 30% to 50% of the Korean population were slaves. In Southeast Asia, a quarter to a third of the population of some areas of Thailand and Burma were slaves. Americas the Mercado de Escravos, the first slave market created in Portugal for the sale of imported African slaves opened in 1444. in 1552 up to10 percent of the population of Lisbon consist of black African slaves. In the second half of the 16th century, European trade in African slaves shifted from import to Europe to slave transports directly to tropical colonies in the Americas. Spain had wider Atlantic slave trade. The Spanish colonies were the earliest Europeans to use African slaves in the New World on islands such as Cuba and Hispaniola,The first African slaves arrived in Hispaniola in 1501. England played a prominent role in the Atlantic slave trade. the profits of the slave trade and of West Indian plantations amounted to 5% of the British economy at the time of the Industrial Revolution. The Transatlantic slave trade peaked in the late 18th century, when the largest number of slaves were captured on raiding expeditions into the interior of West Africa. These expeditions were typically carried out by African kingdoms, such as the Oyo empire ,the Ashanti Empire, the kingdom of Dahomey, and the Aro Confederacy. Europeans rarely entered the interior of Africa, due to fierce African resistance. The slaves were brought to coastal outposts where they were traded for goods. An estimated 12 million Africans arrived in the Americas from the 16th to the 19th centuries. An estimated 645,000 were brought to what is now the United States. The usual estimate is that about 15 per cent of slaves died during the voyage, with mortality rates considerably higher in Africa itself in the process of capturing and transporting indigenous peoples to the ships. The largest number of slaves were shipped to Brazil. Although the trans-Atlantic slave trade ended shortly after the American Revolution, slavery remained a central economic institution in the Southern states. By 1860, 500,000 slaves had grown to 4 million. The plantation system, based on tobacco growing in Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky, and rice in South Carolina, expanded into lush new cotton lands in Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi-and needed more slaves. But slave importation became illegal in 1808. Although complete statistics are lacking, it is estimated that 1,000,000 slaves moved west from the Old South between 1790 and 1860. Most of the slaves were moved from Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas. Michael Tadman, in a 1989 book Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South, indicates that 60-70% of interregional migrations were the result of the sale of slaves. In 1820 a child in the Upper South had a 30% chance to be sold south by 1860. ultimately the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in December 1865, which ended legalized slavery in the United States. Contemporary slavery Conditions that can be considered slavery include debt bondage, indentured servitude, serfdom, domestic servants kept in captivity, adoption in which children are effectively forced to work as slaves, child soldiers, and forced marriage. Current situation Slavery still exists, although in theory it has now been outlawed in all countries. Mauritania abolished it in law in 1981 and was the last country to do so see Abolition of slavery timeline. Enslavement is also taking place in parts of Africa, in the Middle East, and in South Asia. In June and July 2007, 570 people who had been enslaved by brick manufacturers in Shanxi and Henan were freed by the Chinese government. Among those rescued were 69 children. In 2008, the Nepalese government abolished the Haliya system of forced labour, freeing about 20,000 people. An estimated 40 million people in India, most of them Dalits or untouchables, are bonded workers, working in slave-like conditions in order to pay off debts. In Brazil more than 5,000 slaves were rescued by authorities in 2008 as part of a government initiative to eradicate slavery. In Mauritania alone, it is estimated that up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are enslaved with many used as bonded labour. Slavery in Mauritania was criminalized in August 2007. In Niger, slavery is also a current phenomenon. A Nigerian study has found that more than 800,000 people are enslaved, almost 8% of the population.According to the U.S. Department of State, more than 109,000 children were working on cocoa farms alone in CÃ ´te dIvoire (Ivory Coast) in the worst forms of child labor in 2002. Poverty has forced at least 225,000 children in Haitis cities into slavery as unpaid household servants, called reste avec (French: stay with). In 2005, the International Labour Organization provided an estimate of 12.3 million forced labourers in the world,. Siddharth Kara has also provided an estimate of 28.4 million slaves at the end of 2006 divided into the following three categories: bonded labour/debt bondage (18.1 million), forced labour (7.6 million), and trafficked slaves (2.7 million).[164] Kara provides a dynamic model to calculate the number of slaves in the world each year, with an estimated 29.2 million at the end of 2009. Abolitionism The Slave Trade Act was passed by the British Parliament on 25 March 1807, making the slave trade illegal throughout the British Empire, and the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. Between 1808 and 1860, the British West Africa Squadron seized approximately 1,600 slave ships and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard. In 1833 the BritishParliament decreed an end to slavery throughout the British Empire, and on August 1, 1834, the British Emancipation Act came into effect. After January 1, 1808, the importation of slaves into the United States was prohibited, but not the internal slave trade, nor involvement in the international slave trade externally. Legal slavery persisted; and those slaves already in the U.S. would not be legally emancipated for nearly 60 years. The American Civil War, beginning in 1861, led to the end of slavery in the United States. In 1863 Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed slaves held in the Confederate States; the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1865) prohibited slavery throughout the country. On December 10, 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which declared freedom from slavery is an internationally recognized human right. Human trafficking Trafficking in human beings is one method of obtaining slaves. Victims are typically recruited through deceit or trickery sale by family members, recruitment by former slaves, or outright abduction. Victims are forced into a debt slavery situation by coercion, deception, fraud, intimidation, isolation, threat, physical force, debt bondage or even force-feeding with drugs of abuse to control their victims. In last decade every government in the world are taken various steps to controlling human smuggling and trafficking. In 2000, united states introduce trafficking victim protection act (TVPA) for the protection of children and woman. according to the Palermo protocol focus to the global community combating the human trafficking. 3. Organizational spread Human smuggling has various form of organize way and various with individual effort to internationally organized manner. Reasons for human smuggling human smuggling is due to the various reasons are embedded. In generally extreme poverty, lack of economic opportunity, civil unrest and political uncertainty are the core determinant of human smuggling. Poverty The poor living condtion and poor income lead to the illegal migration. the economic unrest and propoverty group are willig to illigale migration. in 1994 economic crisis in Mexico, and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was associated with widespread poverty and a lower valuation for the peso relative to the dollar. It lead to the start of a massive Mexican emigration, in which net illegal migration to the US increased every year from the mid-1990s until the mid 2000s. Overpopulation overpopulation is a Population growth that exceeds the carrying capacity of an area. it cause problems such as pollution, water crisis, and poverty. World population has grown from 1.6 billion in 1900 to an estimated 6.7 billion today. In Mexico alone, population has grown from 13.6 million in 1900 to 107 million in 2007.it is cause to the increase of emigration. Family reunification Some illegal immigrants seek to live with loved ones, such as a spouse or other family members. Family reunification visas may be applied for by legal residents or naturalized citizens to bring their family members into a destination state legally, but these visas may be limited in number and subject to yearly quotas. This may force their family members to enter illegally to reunify. Mexican national to emigrate illegally to the US increases dramatically if they have one or more family members already residing in the United States, legally or illegally. Wars and asylum Illegal immigration may be prompted by the desire to escape civil war or repression in the country of origin. Non-economic push factors include persecution, frequent abuse, bullying, oppression, and genocide, and risks to civilians during war. Political motives traditionally motivate refugee flows to escape dictatorship for instance. According to its estimates, the number of unauthorized Colombian residents in the United States almost tripled from 51,000 in 1990 to 141,000 in 2000. According to the US Census Bureau, the number of authorized Colombian immigrants in the United States in 2000 was 801,363. El Salvador is another country which experienced substantial emigration as a result of civil war and repression. The largest per-capita source of immigrants to the United States comes from El Salvador. Types of human smuggling human smuggling are classified in various ways. It can be Border crossing Immigrants from nations that do not have automatic visa agreements, or who would not otherwise qualify for a visa, often cross the borders illegally in some areas like the United States-Mexico border, the Mona Channel between the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, the Strait of Gibraltar, Fuerteventura, and the Strait of Otranto. Because these methods are illegal, they are often dangerous. Would-be immigrants have been known to suffocate in shipping containers, boxcars, and trucks, sink in shipwrecks caused by unseaworthy vessels, die of dehydration or exposure during long walks without water. An official estimate puts the number of people who died in illegal crossings across the U.S.-Mexican border between 1998 and 2004 at 1,954 Human smuggling is the practice of intermediaries aiding illegal immigrants in crossing over international borders in financial gain, often in large groups. Human smuggling differs from, but is sometimes associated with, human trafficking. A human smuggler will facilitate illegal entry into a country for a fee, but on arrival at their destination, the smuggled person is usually free. Trafficking involves a process of using physical force, fraud, or deception to obtain and transport people. Overstaying a visa Some illegal immigrants enter a country legally and then overstay or violate their visa. For example, most of the estimated 200,000 illegal immigrants in Canada are refugee claimants whose refugee applications were rejected but who have not yet been ejected from the country. A related way of becoming an illegal immigrant is through bureaucratic means. For example, a person can be allowed to remain in a country or be protected from expulsion because he/she needs special pension for a medical condition, deep love for a native, or even to avoid being tried for a crime in his/her native country,without being able to regularize his/her situation and obtain a work and/or residency permit, let alone naturalization, Hence, categories of people being neither illegal immigrants nor legal citizens are created, living in a judicial no mans land. Trafficking is a profitable and the fastest growing criminal industry in the world. It is the second largest criminal activity, following the drug trade. Bonded labor- it is known labor trafficking today and the most widely used method of enslaving people. Victims become bonded laborers for repayment for a loan or service. the terms and conditions have not been defined or in which the value of the victims services as reasonably assessed is not applied toward the liquidation of the debt. The value of their work is greater than the original sum of money borrowed. Forced labor- victims are forced to work against their own will, under the threat of violence or some other form of punishment, their freedom is restricted and a degree of ownership is exerted. Men are at risk of being trafficked for unskilled work, which globally generates $31bn according to the International Labor Organization. Forms of forced labor can include domestic servitude; agricultural labor; sweatshop factory labor; janitorial, food service and other service industry labor; and begging. Sex trafficking- victims are found in dire circumstances and easily targeted by traffickers. Individuals, circumstances, and situations vulnerable to traffickers include homeless individuals, runaway teens, displaced homemakers, refugees, and drug addicts. Trafficked people are the most vulnerable and powerless minorities in a region. victims are consistently exploited from any ethnic and social background. Traffickers, also known as pimps or madams, exploit vulnerabilities and lack of opportunities, while offering promises of marriage, employment, education, and/or an overall better life. However, in the end, traffickers force the victims to become prostitutes or work in the sex industry. Various work in the sex industry includes prostitution, dancing in strip clubs, performing in pornographic films and pornography, and other forms of involuntary servitude. Child labor -it is likely to be hazardous to the physical, mental, spiritual, moral, or social development of children and can interfere with their education. The International Labor Organization estimates worldwide that there are 246 million exploited children aged between 5 and 17 involved in debt bondage, forced recruitment for armed conflict, prostitution, pornography, the illegal drug trade, the illegal arms trade, and other illicit activities around the world. 4. Present status According to U.S. Government estimates, 600,000 to 800,000 victims are trafficked worldwide every year and 14,500 to 17,500 are trafficked into the United States. Women and children are became largest group of victims. Trafficking victims are frequently physically and psychologically abused. Global human trafficking rotes Source:-International organization for migration 1996 5. Issues human smuggling has a multidimensional effect on the society. It has individual impact as well as social impact. It have effect on original country as well as migrated country. Slavery After the end of the legal international slave trade by the European nations and the United States in the early 19th century, the illegal importation of slaves has continued. Although not as common as in Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America, some women are undoubtedly smuggled into the United States and Canada. People have been kidnapped or tricked into slavery to work as laborers in factories. Those trafficked in this manner often face additional barriers to escaping slavery, since their status as illegal immigrants makes it difficult for them to gain access to help or services. Burmese women trafficked into Thailand and forced to work in factories or as prostitutes may not speak the language and may be vulnerable to abuse by police due to their illegal immigrant status. Some people forced into sexual slavery face challenges of charges of illegal immigration. Each year there are several hundred illegal Immigrant deaths along the U.S.-Mexico border. Death by exposure occurs in the deserts of Southwestern United States during the hot summer season. a). Social cultural impact on human smuggling The flows of the illegal migration are common in the migration happen in low social economic condition area to well socio economic condition area. That is commonly in developing countries to developed countries in international arena. It is mainly due the peoples are expected well socio economic condition and living opportunities in the new migrant area. According to the U.S. Department of State in a 2008 research, approximately 800,000 people are trafficked across national borders, which does not include millions trafficked within their own countries. Approximately 80 percent of transnational victims are women and girls and up to 50 percent are minors. While the majority of victims are women, and sometimes children, who are forced into prostitution victims also include men, women and children who are forced into manual labour. Due to the illegal nature of human trafficking, its exact extent is unknown. A U.S. Government report published in 2005, estimates that 600,000 to 800,000 people worldwide are trafficked across borders each year. This figure does not include those who are trafficked internally. Another research effort revealed that between 1.5 million and 1.8 million individuals are trafficked either internally or internationally each year. sex trafficking victims are 500,000 to 600,000 in each year. b). Economic impact, The weighted average global sales price of a slave is calculated to be approximately $340, with a high of $1,895 for the average trafficked sex slave, and a low of $40 to $50 for debt bondage slaves in part of Asia and Africa. Worldwide slavery is a criminal offense but slave owners can get very high returns for their risk. According to researcher Siddharth Kara, the profits generated worldwide by all forms of slavery in 2007 were $91.2 billion. That is second only to drug trafficking in terms of global criminal enterprises. The weighted average annual profits generated by a slave in 2007 was $3,175, with a low of an average $950 for bonded labor and $29,210 for a trafficked sex slave. Approximately forty percent of all slave profits each year are generated by trafficked sex slaves, representing slightly more than 4 percent of the worlds 29 million slaves. Economists have attempted to model during which circumstances slavery appear and disappear. One observation is that slavery becomes more desirable for land owners when land is abundant but labour is not, so paid workers can demand high wage. The maintains slavery was a profitable method of production, especially on bigger plantations growing cotton that fetched high prices in the world market.. Slavery is more common when the labour done is relatively simple and thus easy to supervise, such as large scale growing of a single crop. It is much more difficult and costly to check that slaves are doing their best and with good quality when they are doing complex tasks. Therefore, slavery was seen as the most efficient method of production for large scale crops like sugar and cotton, whose output was based on economies of scale. The total annual revenue for trafficking in persons is estimated to be between USD$5 billion and $9 billion. The Council of Europe states, People trafficking has reached epidemic proportions over the past decade, with a global annual market of about $42.5 billion. The United Nations estimates nearly 2.5 million people from 127 different countries are being trafficked around the world. Economic model Under the basic cost/benefit argument for illegal immigration, potential immigrants believe the probability and benefits of successfully migrating to the destination country are greater than the costs. These costs may include restrictions living as an illegal immigrant in the destination country, leaving family and ways of life behind, and the probability of being caught and resulting sanctions. Proposed economic models, based on a cost/benefit framework, have varying considerations and degrees of complexity. Neoclassical model The neoclassical economic model looks only at the probability of success in immigrating and finding employment, and the increase in real income an illegal immigrant can expect. This explanation would account for the economies of the two states, including how much of a pull the destination country has in terms of better-paying jobs and improvements in quality of life. It also describes a push that comes from negative conditions in the home country like lack of employment or economic mobility. Neoclassical theory also accounts for the probability of successful illegal emigration. Factors that affect this include as geographic proximity, border enforcement, probability and consequences of arrest, ease of illegal employment, and chances of future legalization. This model concludes that in the destination country, illegal workers tend to add to and compete with the pool of unskilled laborers. Illegal workers in this model are successful in finding employment by being willing to be paid lower wages than native-born workers are, sometimes below the minimum wage. Economist George Borjas supports aspects of this model, calculating that real wages of US workers without a high school degree declined by 9% due to competition from illegal immigrant workers. Gordon Hanson and Douglas Massey have criticized the model for being oversimplified and not accounting for contradictory evidence. Trade liberalization In recent years, developing states are pursuing the benefits of globalization by joining decline to liberalize trade. But rapid opening of domestic markets may lead to displacement of large numbers of agricultural or unskilled workers, who are more likely to seek employment and a higher quality of life by illegal emigration. This is a frequently cited argument to explain how the North American Free Trade Association may have impoverished Mexican farmers who were unable to compete with the higher productivity of US subsidized agriculture, especially for corn. NAFTA may have also unexpectedly raised educational requirements for industrial jobs in Mexico, Structural demand in developed states Douglas Massey argues that a bifurcating labor market in developed nations creates a structural demand for unskilled immigrant labor to fill undesirable jobs that native-born citizens do not take, regardless of wages. This theory states that postindustrial economies have a widening gap between well-paying, white-collar jobs that require ever higher levels of education and human capital, which native-born citizens and legal immigrants can qualify to take, and bottom-tier jobs that are stigmatized and require no education. These underclass jobs include harvesting crops, unskilled labor in landscaping and construction, house-cleaning, and maid and busboy work in hotels and restaurants, all of which have a disproportionate number of illegal workers. Since the decline of middle-class blue-collar jobs in manufacturing and industry, younger native-born generations have chosen to acquire higher degrees now that there are no longer respectable blue-collar careers that a worker

Dangerous Sports Essay

I’m writing in response to your recent exhortation in order to express our opinion on the topic of dangerous sports. I would deeply agree that this type of â€Å"entertainment† is spreading like a wildfire as a human’s habit. Obviously it refers to a risky issue and people who exercise it are in a great danger to get hurt or even die but shake them down putting a deadline between what some people assume as reckless. Having said that, it is evident that whoever chooses to try a dangerous sport puts himself in a great danger as a result of the difficulty he will come across. A misstep, not being fully equipped or whatever else would go wrong might cause even a life! It is true that before anyone has the chance to do a dangerous sport must be absolutely informed of all the dangers he might encounter and moreover to have being practicing for a long time because muscle-strength is something definitely useful in such occasions. Thus, people should be informed that dangerous sports take great responsibility and need a good training before trying them. However, I would frankly support the ones who are determined taking such a risk. It is admirable the way they â€Å"birth† their courage in every challenge they get through. Generally I believe that these sports afford them with a great deal of adrenaline and put them in an extraordinary experience every time they are doing it, even if they have been in this hobby many times before! So, we must not deprecate or prevent them of doing what they enjoy! In conclusion, I believe that everyone, is responsible of what he does but moreover everyone has the free will to make any â€Å"farfetched† choice, because life is truly short, so if we don’t â€Å"fill† it with risky situations, whatever â€Å"risky† mean to each one of us, our life will be meaningless!

Joan of Arc Image - About 1880

Study and Discussion Questions for Lord of the Flies

Lord of the Flies is a famous and highly controversial novel by William Golding. An unusually violent version of a coming-of-age story, the novel is viewed as an allegory, exploring the aspects of human nature that lead us to turn on each other and resort to violence. Golding was a war veteran, and much of his literary career was spent exploring these themes central to an understanding of humanity. His other works include Free Fall, about a prisoner in a German camp during World War II; The Inheritors which depicts a race of gentle people being overrun by a more violent race and Pincher Martin, a story told from the point of view of a drowning soldier Here are a few questions about Lord of the Flies for study and discussion, to help improve your understanding of its themes and characters. Why Is the Novel Called Lord of the Flies? What is important about the title? Is there a reference in the novel that explains the title? Hint: Simon is the one who names the pigs staked head.  Central to the plot of Lord of the Flies is the idea of order and society being crucial to survival. Does Golding seem to be advocating for a structured society, or against it? Explain your answer using one of the characters as your evidence. Plot and Character in Lord of the Flies Which of the boys on the island is the most well-developed character? Which is the most poorly developed? Could Golding have done more to explore the boys backstories, or would that have slowed the plot?Could Lord of the Flies have taken place at another point in history? Explore this possibility by choosing a time period and determining how the plot would have played out there.  How important is the setting in Lord of the Flies? Would it have been as effective to the plot if Golding had stranded the boys on another planet, for instance? Explain your answer.The ending of Lord of the Flies is not unexpected; it seemed likely throughout the novel that the boys eventually would be rescued. But does the ending satisfy you? What do you think Golding was trying to say by letting us hear the Navy officers inner thoughts?   Putting Lord of the Flies in Larger Context If you were going to recommend Lord of the Flies to a friend, how would you describe it? Would you warn them of the novels violence?  Understanding that the central plot is highly controversial, do you think Lord of the Flies should be censored or banned? Does it make sense that it has been banned in the past?Do you agree that Lord of the Flies is a companion piece of sorts to J.D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye? How do you think Holden Caulfield would have fared on Goldings island with the rest of the boys?